Exosomes are small membrane vesicles of endocytic origin
that are secreted by most cells in culture and are created upon the fusion of
the multivesicular body (MVB) - an intermediate endocytic compartment - with
the plasma membrane. They are nano-sized vesicles capable of transferring DNAs,
micro RNAs, non-coding RNAs, and lipids, with or without direct cell-to-cell
contact, which represents a novel method of intracellular communication. MVB -
a type of intraluminal vesicles (ILV’s) - buds inward into the endosomal lumen.
Exosomes, produced in endosomal compartment of most eukaryotic cells, are
released in the form of ILV’s in instances where the MVB fuses with the cell
surface (the plasma membrane). The exosomes and other extracellular vesicles
(EV’s) are present in tissues of the multicellular organisms, including
biological fluids, such as blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid. They can also
be released in vitro by the cultured cells into their growth medium.
Exosomes are basically formed by the cellular endocytic
pathway, which consists of three different stages:
The plasma membrane invagination from the endocytic
vesicles.
The second stage is the inward building of endosomal
membrane which gives rise to multivesicular bodies (MVB’s).
The third and the last stage is when the MVB’s fuse with the
plasma membrane and releases the vesicular contents, which in turn forms the
exosomes.
The membrane proteins, which undergo the endosomal pathway,
exhibit the same stages. Different types of lipidic molecules are known for
their involvement in the exosome formation and release like phosphatidic acid
and ceramides.
Composition
Due to its protein and lipid content, exosomes are special,
providing an additional hint for their identification. Exosomes mainly include
fusion and transport proteins (annexins and flotillin), heat shock proteins
(HSP70), CDís proteins (CD9, CD81), and phospholipases and other lipid-related
proteins. Due to its protein and lipid content, exosomes are special, providing
an additional hint for their identification. Exosomes mainly include fusion and
transport proteins (annexins and flotillin), heat shock proteins (HSP70), CDís
proteins (CD9, CD81), and phospholipases and other lipid-related proteins. One can
use all of these proteins as positive markers.
Exosomes have a small diameter range of 40-100 nm and a
density of 1.13-1.19 g/ml in sucrose solution. They can be sedimented at
100,000 g by centrifugation. Also, exosome membranes are enriched with proteins
from cholesterol, sphingomyelin, ceramide and lipid raft.
DelveInsight’s Global Exosomes Pipeline Report 2021 highlights the details about the companies and the pipeline drugs in the
Exosomes pipeline landscape. It covers the pipeline drug profiles, including
clinical and nonclinical stage products. It also covers the therapeutics
assessment by product type, stage, route of administration, and molecule type.
It further highlights the inactive pipeline products in this space.
The report is built using data and information sourced from proprietary databases, primary and secondary research and in-house analysis by DelveInsight’s team of industry experts. Secondary sources information and data have been collected from various printable and non-printable sources like search engines, News websites, Government Websites, Trade Journals, White papers, Magazines, Trade associations, Books, Industry Portals, Industry Associations and access to available databases. Primary research information has been gathered by interacting with the healthcare professionals, doctors, industry’s experts and industry participants and commentators in order to validate its data and analysis.
Source:- Exosomes Clinical Trials
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