Urothelial Carcinoma starts when cells that make up the urinary bladder becomes cancerous. Bladder neoplasms can arise from any of the four bladder wall layers.
They are broadly classified as either epithelial or non-epithelial (mesenchymal), with over 95% being epithelial. Epithelial tumors with differentiation toward normal urothelium are urothelial/ urinary carcinoma (UC). Other types of bladder neoplasms, namely, squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, small cell carcinoma and sarcoma account for 2–5% of bladder neoplasms.
The majority of UC occurs in males with approximately has two-to-three fold greater incidence as compared to females. UC is the invasion of the basement membrane or lamina propria by neoplastic cells of urothelial origin.
The main causative agents of upper tract UC and urinary bladder cancer include cigarette smoking and work-related exposure, while other factors are more specific to the carcinogenesis of upper tract UC (i.e., Balkan endemic nephropathy).
From a clinical point of view, urinary bladder cancers are classified as non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), because the invasion of the muscle layer is the major determinant of carrying out a cystectomy. The 5-year relative survival rate for patients with UBC ranges from 97% (stage I) to 22% (stage IV).
The World Health Organization classifies bladder cancers based on type of tumor from low-grade (grade I and II) to high-grade (grade III). The WHO has substituted the old term provisional cell carcinoma with Urothelial carcinoma. Invasion is referred to as ‘microinvasion’ when the complexity of invasion is 2 mm or less.
For More In-depth Information- Low-Grade Upper Tract Urothelial Cancer Market
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