Symptoms vary depending on size and location of tumor and
can occur a bit differently in each child. Growing tumors may cause increased
pressure on the brain in the limited space in the skull. This is called
increased intracranial pressure or ICP. This is not usually the case in babies,
since their skull bones have not fully grown together.
In addition to a complete medical history and physical
examination of the child, examination procedures for a brain tumor may include
neurological exam, CT, PET or MRI scan, X-ray, angiogram, myelogram and lumbar puncture.
Combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy are mainly used for
the treatment of pediatric brain tumors.
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Brain and central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most
common solid tumor and the second leading cause of cancer death in individuals
0–19 years of age in the United States. Although progress has been made in
improving survival rates for some subtypes, understanding of risk factors for
childhood brain tumors remains limited to a few genetic syndromes and ionizing
radiation to the head and neck.
Brain tumors are the leading cause of childhood
cancer-related deaths. Although advances in surgical and adjuvant therapy have
improved the survival rates of children with medulloblastoma and low-grade
glioma (LGG), for which 5-year survival now exceeds 75%, the prognosis for
other tumors such as diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and other midline high-grade
gliomas (HGGs) remains poor.
In addition, as survival rates for children with
prognostically favorable tumors have improved, there has been growing concern
that “cure” often exacts a high price in terms of late sequelae, particularly
when craniospinal radiation therapy (RT) is used in young children.
Accordingly, during the last 15 years, increasing emphasis has been placed on
reducing the morbidity of therapy for favorable-risk tumors by applying
risk-adapted treatment protocols, while attempting to improve cure rates in
poor-risk tumors through the use of novel treatment regimens.
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